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What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the smallest airways of the lungs called bronchioles. Symptoms include
wheezing, coughing, tightness of the chest and shortness of breath. These symptoms arise from the contraction of
smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles, leading to their narrowing — a condition termed bronchospasm.
Inflammation is the root cause of asthma and it is often triggered by allergic reactions, exposure to irritants or
even emotional factors. Furthermore, asthma attacks can be provoked by exercise, certain medications like aspirin,
stress and various emotions. However, with effective management through asthma medication and personalized care,
individuals can minimize the impact of the condition's symptoms and live fulfilling lives.
Differentiating COPD from asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is another respiratory disorder characterized by impaired breathing.
This is a result of chronic inflammation and damage to the bronchioles. COPD is caused by long-term exposure to
environmental pollutants.
While both conditions share common mechanisms like airflow restriction and triggers such as smoking, they have several distinguishing factors. Asthma can manifest at any age — including childhood — while COPD develops later in life, typically after years of exposure to risk factors such as smoking. With asthma medication, the condition is manageable and the inflammation is often reversible. On the other hand, COPD is generally characterized by irreversible damage to the lung tissue. Additionally, asthma shows a more dramatic response to asthma meds, while bronchodilators used to treat COPD often have less noticeable results.
What is an allergy?
An allergy is the body's response to a normally harmless substance but triggers the immune system to react
abnormally. The specific allergic reaction varies based on the cause and the allergen — the substance responsible
for the allergic response. For instance, asthma can be prompted by allergies to inhaled pollen, mould, animal fur or
house dust mites, which can also trigger allergic rhinitis. Skin reactions, such as urticaria or hives, often occur
due to allergies to medications, foods, insect stings or latex gloves. However, these reactions are normally nothing
to worry about as they are effectively managed with allergy meds.
Beyond respiratory and skin manifestations, allergies may impact other systems of the body. For instance, an attack
on the gastrointestinal system can result in symptoms like stomach pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. In severe cases,
anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction, can occur. It causes swelling of the throat and tongue,
difficulty breathing and a dangerous drop in blood pressure.
Individuals with known allergies, especially in cases that are severe, always need allergy meds on hand to intervene
with symptoms or unexpected reactions. These medications play a pivotal role in alleviating symptoms, preventing
severe reactions and enhancing their overall quality of life.
Types of asthma medication
Medication available for the treatment of asthma and other chronic breathing disorders fall into three categories:
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Bronchodilators — Bronchodilators, such as beta 2-agonists and anticholinergics, are
medications that treat and relieve symptoms of bronchospasm. These asthma meds work by relaxing the smooth
muscles around the bronchioles or blocking certain nerve signals to enhance airflow.
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Anti-inflammatory drugs — Asthma
medications include anti-inflammatory drugs that treat the underlying inflammation. These drugs inhibit the
production of inflammatory chemicals like prostaglandins. This category of medication includes corticosteroids,
known for their potent anti-inflammatory properties, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which
offer additional options for managing inflammation.
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists
(LTRAs) — LTRAs address both bronchospasm symptoms and inflammation, providing a comprehensive approach
to asthma management. These asthma medications work by blocking leukotrienes, inflammatory compounds that
contribute to the constriction of airways and the promotion of inflammation.
Inhaled asthma medication
Most asthma medications are taken using an inhaler so that the drug goes directly to its target, the airways of the
lungs. There are various forms of inhaled asthma meds to cater to individual needs, including:
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Aerosol — Administered via a metered-dose inhaler (puffer), this method utilizes propellant gas
to create an aerosol. This offers quick relief for bronchodilation and other symptoms during an asthma attack.
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Nebulizer — Administered as a fine mist through a nebulizer, this method allows inhalation
through a mask or mouthpiece. It is suitable for individuals who may find traditional inhaler devices
challenging.
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Dry powder — Administered as a dry powder using a specialized device. This offers an
alternative inhalation method for those who prefer asthma meds in dry powder formulations
Asthma inhalers serve dual purposes — they provide bronchodilators for relief during an asthma attack and
anti-inflammatory drugs for the ongoing prevention of chronic airway inflammation. Combination asthma inhalers are
also available which contain two different drugs in the same inhalation device.
Types of asthma inhalers
Inhaler devices used to deliver medication into the airways are divided into two types:
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Metered dose inhaler (MDI) that uses a propellant gas to create an aerosol. Most are now CFC-free as these are
less damaging to the environment.
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Dry powder inhaler, such as the accuhaler, turbuhaler or rotahaler that does not need a propellant.
Oral asthma/allergy medication
Some steroid medication for severe asthma or allergy can be taken orally as tablets to gain control of symptoms.
Leukotriene receptor antagonists are also taken orally as tablets.
Types of allergy medication
Allergy meds are known as antihistamines because they block
the action of histamine — a chemical released during an
allergic reaction and is responsible for triggering symptoms of allergy. Most antihistamines are taken orally as
tablets and are non-sedating. Some antihistamines are sedating because they also act on the central nervous system.
Antihistamines can also be taken as eye drops and using a nasal spray.
Nasal sprays for treating allergy
Allergy meds can also be taken as nasal sprays. The types of
medication available as a nasal spray include
antihistamines to treat symptoms of allergy. Also available allergy meds are corticosteroids that treat symptoms of
inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction.
FAQs
What is the difference between allergy and asthma medication?
Allergy meds tackle the immune system's response to allergens, easing symptoms like sneezing, itching and
congestion from allergic reactions. On the other hand, asthma medications, such as asthma inhalers, are used to
treat and manage asthma symptoms, including bronchospasm and airway inflammations. While the outcomes, like clearer
airways, may seem similar, these medications have specific focuses.
Can I use the same medication for both asthma and allergies?
While some asthma and allergy medications may share effects, it's crucial to select those tailored to your specific
condition. Asthma medications, like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, target respiratory symptoms, while
allergy meds, such as antihistamines and nasal sprays, address allergic reactions. For personalized recommendations,
consulting with a healthcare professional is essential.
Are corticosteroids safe for long-term use in asthma management?
Yes, corticosteroids are often prescribed for long-term asthma management. These asthma meds reduce airway
inflammation, mitigating asthma symptoms. Vigilant monitoring and reporting of any side effects to your healthcare
professional are advisable to minimize potential issues and ensure optimal asthma control.
Are inhalers for asthma safe?
Generally, asthma inhalers are safe when used as prescribed. Like any medication, they may have side effects, such
as hoarseness or sore throat. However, the benefits of controlling asthma symptoms usually outweigh the potential
risks and are perfectly safe for long-term asthma management.
What does an inhaler pump do?
An asthma inhaler pump or a metered-dose inhaler delivers a precise dose of medication in aerosol form. It allows
individuals to inhale the medication directly into their lungs. The result is targeted relief for symptoms like
inflammation associated with asthma.
How do antihistamines work for managing allergies?
Anti-allergy meds, specifically antihistamines, block the action of histamines, the chemicals released during
allergic reactions. By doing so, they effectively reduce allergic reactions and alleviate symptoms like sneezing,
itching and runny nose. They are often only prescribed for short-term use and for acute relief.
Can I buy asthma and allergy meds over the counter?
It depends. Some allergy meds are available without a prescription, but many asthma medications, especially those
with corticosteroids, typically require one. Always seek professional advice before starting any new medication
regimen for acute or chronic conditions.