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Glyciphage 850mg (Metformin) Glyciphage general information What is Glyciphage used for? Glyciphage tablets 850mg are an oral diabetes medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Glyciphage tablets 500mg can be used as first time treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics, or for patients who are not responding to an alternative medication, and can be used either alone or in combination with another oral antihyperglycaemic medication (lowers blood sugar). In some cases Glyciphage is used in conjunction with insulin in type 1 diabetes (also called insulin -dependent diabetes), where insulin alone is not enough to control blood sugar levels. How does Glyciphage work? Glyciphage tablets 850mg contain the active ingredient Metformin hydrochloride, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the biguanide group of drugs. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 850mg controls blood glucose (sugar) by lowering levels of glucose after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 850mg works using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 850mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). What does Glyciphage contain? Glyciphage tablets 850mg contain the active ingredient metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Treating type 2 diabetes with Glyciphage Glyciphage tablets 850mg contain Metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 850mg lowers blood sugar after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production, using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 850mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). What are the side effects of Glyciphage? The most commonly reported side effects when taking Glyciphage tablets 850mg include: gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, which are usually mild and resolve spontaneously during continued treatment; metallic taste in the mouth; and skin rash. A rare and potentially life threatening side effect is lactic acidosis (a build up of lactic acid in the blood) that can occur due to accumulation of metformin, particularly if you are taking high doses of metformin above 2000mg per day, have kidney problems, drink excessive amounts of alcohol, are elderly. When should Glyciphage not be used? You should not use Glyciphage if you: are allergic to metformin or any other biguanide or any ingredients in Glyciphage tablets 850mg are pregnant or are breastfeeding without discussion with your doctor have liver or kidney disease have a conditions affecting renal function, like dehydration, severe infection or shock have diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic precoma have acute or chronic disease which may cause tissue hypoxia such as heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, shock, acute significant blood loss, sepsis, gangrene, pancreatitis have a history of lactic acidosis have a problem with alcohol are taking medications that may interact with Glyciphage tablets 850mg including: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics, other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone, anticoagulants undergoing radiological treatment with intravascular iodinated contrast agents which may lead to renal failure, resulting in metformin accumulation and a risk of lactic acidosis What medications interact with Glyciphage Several medications interact with Glyciphage and should either not be taken while you are taking Glyciphage or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor: Drugs that interact with Glyciphage to increase side effects: other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, ACE inhibitors for high blood pressure, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone Drugs that affect Glyciphage: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics , thyroid medicines Drugs that are affected by Glyciphage: anticoagulants How should Glyciphage be taken? You should take your Glyciphage tablets 850mg with a glass of water and with food. The dose you take and how often should be as recommended by your doctor. The usual starting dose is one tablet once, twice or 3 times daily during or immediately after a meal, to reduce stomach effects. You will have your blood sugar levels monitored and your dose may be adjusted after a few weeks, depending on how well your blood sugar levels are controlled. You should continue to take your Metformin tablets 500mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods. How long should you take Glyciphage? You should continue to take your Glyciphage tablets 850mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods. Missed dose of Glyciphage If you miss a dose of Glyciphage take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose. How should Glyciphage be stored? You should store your Glyciphage tablets 850mg below 25°C in a cool dry place out of direct sunlight.
Glyciphage 500mg (Metformin) Glyciphage general information What is Glyciphage used for? Glyciphage tablets 500mg are an oral diabetes medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Glyciphage tablets 500mg can be used as first time treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics, or for patients who are not responding to an alternative medication, and can be used either alone or in combination with another oral antihyperglycaemic medication (lowers blood sugar). In some cases Glyciphage is used in conjunction with insulin in type 1 diabetes (also called insulin -dependent diabetes), where insulin alone is not enough to control blood sugar levels. How does Glyciphage work? Glyciphage tablets 500mg contain the active ingredient Metformin hydrochloride, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the biguanide group of drugs. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 500mg controls blood glucose (sugar) by lowering levels of glucose after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 500mg works using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 500mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). What does Glyciphage contain? Glyciphage tablets 500mg contain the active ingredient metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Treating type 2 diabetes with Glyciphage Glyciphage tablets 500mg contain Metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 500mg lowers blood sugar after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production, using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 500mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). What are the side effects of Glyciphage? The most commonly reported side effects when taking Glyciphage tablets 500mg include: gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, which are usually mild and resolve spontaneously during continued treatment; metallic taste in the mouth; and skin rash. A rare and potentially life threatening side effect is lactic acidosis (a build up of lactic acid in the blood) that can occur due to accumulation of metformin, particularly if you are taking high doses of metformin above 2000mg per day, have kidney problems, drink excessive amounts of alcohol, are elderly. When should Glyciphage not be used? You should not use Glyciphage if you: are allergic to metformin or any other biguanide or any ingredients in Glyciphage tablets 500mg are pregnant or are breastfeeding without discussion with your doctor have liver or kidney disease have a conditions affecting renal function, like dehydration, severe infection or shock have diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic precoma have acute or chronic disease which may cause tissue hypoxia such as heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, shock, acute significant blood loss, sepsis, gangrene, pancreatitis have a history of lactic acidosis have a problem with alcohol are taking medications that may interact with Glyciphage tablets 500mg including: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics, other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone, anticoagulants undergoing radiological treatment with intravascular iodinated contrast agents which may lead to renal failure, resulting in metformin accumulation and a risk of lactic acidosis What medications interact with Glyciphage Several medications interact with Glyciphage and should either not be taken while you are taking Glyciphage or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor: Drugs that interact with Glyciphage to increase side effects: other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, ACE inhibitors for high blood pressure, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone Drugs that affect Glyciphage: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics , thyroid medicines Drugs that are affected by Glyciphage: anticoagulants How should Glyciphage be taken? You should take your Glyciphage tablets 500mg with a glass of water and with food. The dose you take and how often should be as recommended by your doctor. The usual starting dose is one tablet once, twice or 3 times daily during or immediately after a meal, to reduce stomach effects. You will have your blood sugar levels monitored and your dose may be adjusted after a few weeks, depending on how well your blood sugar levels are controlled. You should continue to take your Metformin tablets 500mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods. How long should you take Glyciphage? You should continue to take your Glyciphage tablets 500mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods. Missed dose of Glyciphage If you miss a dose of Glyciphage take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose. How should Glyciphage be stored? You should store your Glyciphage tablets 500mg below 25°C in a cool dry place out of direct sunlight.
Esomac 40 (Esomeprazole 40mg) Esomac general information What is Esomac used for? Esomac tablets 40mg are used to treat conditions caused by gastric reflux, which is when the acidic contents of the stomach flow back into the oesophagus because the sphincter (muscle at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach) that normally acts as a one-way valve and prevents backflow of stomach contents, does not function properly or is damaged. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD), as this condition is known, causes symptoms like heartburn and dyspepsia (indigestion and abdominal pain), and can damage the oesophagus causing inflammation (oesophagitis). Esomac 40 is also used to treat and prevent peptic ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcers or damage to the stomach lining) and duodenum (duodenal ulcers or damage to the lining of the upper intestine); and gastric ulcers caused by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID); also as combination therapy to treat gastric ulcers that are caused by infection of the stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, in conjunction with using antibiotics. Esomac 40 is also used to treat symptoms of acid-related dyspepsia that can be caused by eating high fat or acidic foods, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in which increased levels of the hormone gastrin causes an excessive production of gastric acid. How does Esomac work? Esomac tablets 40mg contain esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat conditions caused by excess gastric acid, by reducing the amount of gastric acid released into the stomach. Stomach acid is needed for digestion of proteins in your diet and is made by the parietal cells of the stomach wall. Gastric acid production is dependent on the action of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which is the proton pump responsible for pumping positive hydrogen ions out of the cells into the stomach, which increases the acidity of the stomach contents. Esomeprazole in Esomac 40 inhibits the functioning of the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which prevents acid secretion by blocking the source of acid production. This action of esomeprazole reduces the acidity of the stomach contents, which reduces the acid damage that can be caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and oesophagitis and relieves symptoms caused by excess gastric acid like heartburn and dyspepsia. By inhibiting gastric acid secretion Esomac 40 also help prevent the formation of gastric (stomach) and duodenal (upper intestine) peptic ulcers and also helps ulcers and damage caused by gastric reflux to heal. What does Esomac contain? Esomac tablets 40mg contain the active ingredient esomeprazole, which is a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat conditions caused by excess gastric acid secretion. Treating gastric reflux with Esomac Esomac tablets 40mg contain esomeprazole, which is used to treat conditions caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Gastric reflux is when the acidic contents of the stomach flow back into the oesophagus because the sphincter (muscle at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach) that normally acts as a one-way valve and prevents backflow of stomach contents, does not function properly or is damaged. Symptoms caused by gastric reflux include heartburn and dyspepsia (indigestion and abdominal pain), and damage to the oesophagus causing inflammation (oesophagitis). Esomeprazole in Esomac tablets 40mg reduces acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach wall, by blocking the action of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which is responsible for acid production. This action of esomeprazole reduces the acidity of the stomach contents, which reduces the acid damage that can be caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and oesophagitis, relieves symptoms caused by excess gastric acid like heartburn and dyspepsia; as well as helping damaged tissues caused by excess acid to heal. Esomac for peptic ulcers Esomac tablets 40mg contain the active ingredient esomeprazole, which is used to treat and prevent prevent peptic ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcers or damage to the stomach lining) and duodenum (duodenal ulcers or damage to the lining of the upper intestine), caused by excess secretion of gastric acid; and gastric ulcers caused by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Esomac tablets 40mg are also used as combination therapy to treat and prevent gastric ulcers that are caused by infection of the stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, in conjunction with using antibiotics. Esomeprazole in Esomac tablets 40mg reduces acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach wall, by blocking the action of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which responsible for acid production. This action of esomeprazole reduces the acidity of the stomach contents, which reduces the acid damage to the stomach wall and allows ulcers that have already developed to heal. What are the side effects of Esomac? The most commonly reported side effects when taking Esomac include, include: constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, wind (flatulence), headache, dry mouth, skin rash, dizziness, sensation of tingling in the skin (paraesthesia), insomnia. When should Esomac not be used? You should not use Esomac 40 if you: are allergic to esomeprazole or any ingredients in Esomac are taking medicines that interact with Esomac including: the antifungals ketoconazole and itraconazole, the anticoagulant warfarin, phenytoin for epilepsy, the antiretroviral atazanavir, the antibiotic clarithromycin, the immunosuppressive tacrolimus, the sedative diazepam How should Esomac be taken? You should take your Esomac tablets 40mg with a glass of water at least one hour before a meal. You should continue to take your Esomac tablets 40mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, usually for a few weeks to 6 months, depending on the condition you are being treated for. How long should you take Esomac? You should continue to take your Esomac tablets 40mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, usually for a few weeks to 6 months, depending on the condition you are being treated for. Missed dose of Esomac If you miss a dose of Esomac 40 take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose. How should Esomac be stored? You should store your Esomac 40 below 25°C in a cool dry place.
Symmetrel 100mg (Amantadine) Symmetrel general information What is Symmetrel used for? Symmetrel capsules 100mg are used to treat Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that is either idiopathic, which means that its cause is unknown or secondary to a known cause such as stroke, head trauma or as a side effect of medication, particularly neuroleptic antipsychotics. Symmetrel 100 may be used alone as monotherapy, or in combination with other medications, like anticholinergic drugs or levodopa and helps relieve symptoms of Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease, including tremor, bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and loss of balance. Symmetrel capsules 100mg are also used as prophylaxis to prevent signs and symptoms of infection caused by influenza A virus, particularly for those at high risk of infection, if vaccination is unavailable or contraindicated, and for those at risk of serious illness if they were to become infected, such as being immunocompromised or having lung problems; also to treat flu-like symptoms if administered within 48 hours. How does Symmetrel work? Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain amantadine, which is an antiparkinsonian drug with virostatic properties. The abnormal movements associated with Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease are caused by low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical that allows communication between nerve cells) produced by certain neurons (nerve cells) in the brain and plays an important role in controlling muscle function and movement; it is important to have the correct levels of dopamine. The loss of dopamine seen in Parkinson's disease is due to slow and progressive destruction of the neurons that produce the dopamine in a certain area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is thought to increase the amount of dopamine in the brain by enhancing the release of dopamine from central neurons and by delaying its re-uptake from the synapse, the gap between nerve cells across which chemical messages are sent from one nerve cell to another. The increase in dopamine levels helps the brain control muscle function and restore normal movement. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is also thought to exert some anticholinergic activity, which means that it blocks the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells and this action helps prevent the involuntary movements associated with Parkinsonism. The mechanism of action by which Symmetrel 100 prevents the growth of influenza A virus is not known but it is thought to be due to interference with a viral protein needed for the virus to infect the host cell and this inhibits the early stage of replication of the influenza A virus and checks the growth of virus. What does Symmetrel contain? Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain the active ingredient amantadine hydrochloride, used to treat Parkinson's disease and to treat and prevent symptoms of influenza A virus. They also contain: rape seed oil, lecithin, a wax blend composed of white beeswax and hydrogenated soya and vegetable oils, sodium ethyl hydroxybenzoate, gelatin, glycerol, iron oxide red CI 77491, sorbitol, sodium propyl hydroxybenzoate, titanium dioxide. Treating Parkinson's disease with Symmetrel Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain amantadine, which is an antiparkinsonian drug used to treat neurological symptoms that cause the abnormal movements associated Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that is either idiopathic, which means that its cause is unknown, or secondary to a known cause such as stroke, head trauma or as a side effect of medication, particularly neuroleptic antipsychotics. Parkinsonism is caused by low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical that allows communication between nerve cells) produced by certain neurons (nerve cells) in the brain that plays an important role in controlling muscle function and movement. This loss of dopamine is due to slow and progressive destruction of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra area of the brain. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is thought to increase the amount of dopamine in the brain by enhancing the release of dopamine from central neurons and by delaying its re-uptake from the synapse, the gap between nerve cells across which chemical messages are sent from one nerve cell to another. The increase in dopamine levels helps the brain control muscle function and restore normal movement. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is also thought to exert some anticholinergic activity, which means that it blocks the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells and this action helps prevent the involuntary movements associated with Parkinsonism. Symmetrel 100 may be used alone (monotherapy), or in combination with other medications, like anticholinergic drugs or levodopa and helps relieve symptoms of Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease, including tremor, bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and loss of balance. Treating symptoms of influenza A infection with Symmetrel Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain amantadine, which is an antiparkinsonian drug with influenzal virostatic properties, which means that it specifically blocks the growth of the Influenza A virus. Although the mechanism of action by which Symmetrel 100 prevents the growth of influenza A virus is not known it is thought to be due to interference with a viral protein needed for the virus to infect the host cell and this inhibits the early stage of replication of the influenza A virus. Symmetrel capsules 100mg are used as prophylaxis to prevent signs and symptoms of infection caused by influenza A virus, particularly for those at high risk of infection, if vaccination is unavailable or contraindicated, and for those at risk of serious illness if they were to become infected, such as being immunocompromised or having lung problems; also to treat flu-like symptoms if administered within 48 hours. What are the side effects of Symmetrel? The most commonly reported side effects when taking Symmetrel capsules 100mg include: depression, anxiety, elevation of mood, agitation, nervousness, difficulty in concentrating, dizziness, light-headedness, headache, insomnia, lethargy, hallucinations, nightmares, ataxia, slurred speech, blurred vision, oedema of ankles, livedo reticularis (purplish-red blotchy spots on the skin), dry mouth, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, excessive sweating. When should Symmetrel not be used? You should not use Symmetrel capsules 100mg if you: are allergic to amantadine or any ingredients in Symmetrel are pregnant or are breastfeeding have kidney or liver disease have or have had recurrent eczema, stomach ulcers, or cardiovascular disorders suffer from convulsions or psychiatric disorders are taking medicines that interact with Symmetrel, including: other antiparkinsonian drugs, like anticholinergics or levodopa (without discussion with your doctor), other medicines that act on the central nervous system, like sedatives, analgesics and alcohol, combination diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide + potassium-sparing diuretics What medications interact with Symmetrel? Several medications interact with Symmetrel capsules 100mg and should either not be taken while you are taking Symmetrel or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor: Drugs that increase side effects with Symmetrel: other antiparkinsonian drugs, like anticholinergics or levodopa, Drugs that cause dangerous reactions with Symmetrel: other medicines that act on the central nervous system, like sedatives, analgesics and alcohol Drugs that affect Symmetrel: combination diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide + potassium-sparing diuretics How should Symmetrel be taken for Parkinson's disease? You should take your Symmetrel capsules 100mg with a glass of water once daily and preferably with food to prevent stomach problems. Your doctor may increase the dose to one capsule twice daily, depending on your condition. You should see some benefit within a few days and should continue to take your Symmetrel 100 for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for a long time depending on your condition. For some people the effectiveness of Symmetrel 100 wears off after a few months of continuous treatment, if this is the case your doctor may recommend that you gradually reduce the dose and stop it for a few weeks, then start again. How should Symmetrel be taken for influenza A? You should take your Symmetrel capsules 100mg with a glass of water twice daily and preferably with food to prevent stomach problems, or once daily for children or adults over 65. For prophylaxis you should start taking Symmetrel as soon as possible after you have been exposed to the flu and keep taking it through outbreak for at least 10 days or until the outbreak of influenza A is over. For treatment you should start taking Symmetrel 100 within 48 hours of the first symptoms onset and then for 4-5 days. How long should you take Symmetrel? For Parkinson's disease you should continue to take your Symmetrel capsules 100mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for a long time depending on your condition. For prophylaxis against influenza A, you should start taking Symmetrel capsules 100mg as soon as possible after you have been exposed to the flu and keep taking it through outbreak for at least 10 days or until the outbreak of influenza is over. For treatment you should start taking Symmetrel 100 within 48 hours of the first symptoms onset and then for 4-5 days. Missed dose of Symmetrel If you miss a dose of Symmetrel capsules 100mg take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose. How should Symmetrel be stored? You should store your Symmetrel below 25°C in a cool dry place. Protect from moisture and heat.
Amaryl 2mg (Glimepiride) 30's Amaryl general information What is Amaryl used for? Amaryl tablets 2mg are an antidiabetic medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone. Amaryl tablets 2mg should be used in conjunction with diet, exercise and weight loss to lower blood sugar levels in type-2 diabetes mellitus and can be used alone as monotherapy, in conjunction with diet and exercise, or in combination with other antihyperglycaemic medication (lowers blood sugar), like metformin, when a single drug does not result in adequate glycaemic control. However, Amaryl tablets 2mg are not suitable for treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of serious health complications, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). Maintaining glycaemic control with Amaryl tablets 2mg reduces the risk of developing these vascular complications. How does Amaryl work? Amaryl tablets 2mg contain glimepiride, an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the sulfonylurea group of drugs. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg controls blood glucose (sugar) primarily by acting directly on the beta cells, which are the insulin-producing cells of pancreatic islet tissue, to increase their sensitivity to glucose and to stimulate the cells to produce and release more insulin. Insulin is normally produced in response to food and increased blood glucose levels and it controls postprandial (after eating) blood glucose levels (glycaemic control). In diabetes, resistance to insulin results in loss of glycaemic control. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg helps the body to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels after a meal as well as between meals and is effective for up to 24 hours. It is also thought that as well as acting as an insulin secretagogue (stimulates insulin secretion) glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg also acts on insulin-responsive cells in the liver, muscle and fat cells to increase the number of receptors, which means that insulin control of glucose production by the liver and uptake of insulin into peripheral tissues for energy and storage, is more efficient. What does Amaryl contain? Amaryl tablets 2mg contains the active ingredient glimepiride, an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the sulfonylurea group of drugs, used to treat type-2 diabetes. They also contain, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium starch glycollate, indigo carmine, iron oxide yellow. Treating type 2 diabetes with Amaryl Amaryl tablets 2mg contain glimepiride, an oral antihyperglycaemic medication, used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg controls blood glucose (sugar) primarily by acting directly on the insulin-producing beta cells of pancreatic islet tissue, to stimulate the cells to produce more insulin. Insulin is normally produced in response to food and increased blood glucose levels, and it controls postprandial (after eating) blood glucose levels (glycaemic control). In diabetes, resistance to insulin results in loss of glycaemic control. Amaryl tablets 2mg help the body to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels after a meal as well as between meals and is effective for up to 24 hours. It is also thought that as well as stimulating insulin secretion, glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg also acts on insulin-responsive cells in the liver, muscle and fat cells to increase the number of receptors, which means that insulin control of glucose production by the liver and insulin uptake into peripheral tissues for energy and storage, is more efficient. Maintaining glycaemic control with Amaryl tablets 2mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). What are the side effects of Amaryl? The most commonly reported side effects when taking Amaryl tablets 2mg include: gastrointestinal complaints like nausea, diarrhoea, constipation and stomach or abdominal pain; allergic skin reactions like, redness (erythema), itching (pruritus), hives (urticaria); dizziness, drowsiness, headache, visual disturbances, confusion, malaise and tremor, which are usually transient and may be signs of hypoglycaemia. A more serious side effect of taking Amaryl tablets 2mg is severe hypoglycaemia (very low blood glucose), as glimepiride continues to work between meals to reduce blood sugar levels, so it is important to eat regularly; also certain other conditions like liver or kidney problems, or taking other medications like beta blockers, can make you more susceptible to hypoglycaemia. Other symptoms of hypoglycaemia include headache, hunger, restlessness, loss of consciousness, which can result in coma. What is hypoglycaemia (hypo) Having a hypo is an unpleasant episode experienced by diabetics and refers to extreme hypoglycaemia or very low blood glucose. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg continue to work between meals to reduce blood sugar levels and therefore if glucose levels fall too low, by missing a meal or waiting too long between eating, severe hypoglycaemia, which is very low blood glucose, can be the result. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia include headache, hunger, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, sensory disturbances, delirium, loss of consciousness, which can result in shallow respiration, bradycardia (slow heart beat) and coma. When should Amaryl not be used? You should not use Amaryl tablets 2mg if you: are allergic to glimepiride or any ingredients in Amaryl are pregnant or are breastfeeding have kidney or liver or thyroid disease have type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes or suffer from diabetic coma or diabetic ketoacidosis have G6PD deficiency as you may be at risk of haemolytic anaemia are malnourished or have adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, as this may increase risk of hypoglycaemia are taking medicines that interact with Amaryl, including: the antifungals miconazole and fluconazole, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) like phenylbutazone, salicylate analgesicis like aspirin, beta-blockers like propranolol for high blood pressure and certain heart conditions, ACE Inhibitors like benezapril for high blood pressure, cimetidine for peptic ulcers, monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression, probenecid for gout, the anticoagulant warfarin, the antibiotic chloramphenicol, sulphonamide antibiotics, corticosteroids for inflammation, bronchodilators like salbutamol, thiazides and other diuretics, thyroid hormones, oestrogens and progestogens for oral contraceptives and HRT, phenytoin for epilepsy, nicotinic acid for high cholesterol, calcium channel blocking drugs like verapamil for angina, isoniazid for tuberculosis What medications interact with Amaryl? Several medications interact with Amaryl tablets 2mg and should either not be taken while you are taking Amaryl or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor: Drugs that affect Amaryl tablets 2mg and cause hypoglaemia (low blood sugar) by increasing its glucose-lowering effect: the antifungals miconazole and fluconazole, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) like phenylbutazone, salicylate analgesics like aspirin, beta-blockers like propranolol for high blood pressure and certain heart conditions, ACE Inhibitors like benezapril for high blood pressure, cimetidine for peptic ulcers, monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression, probenecid for gout, the anticoagulant warfarin, the antibiotic chloramphenicol, sulphonamide antibiotics, bronchodilators like salbutamol Drugs that affect Amaryl tablets 2mg and cause hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) by reducing its glucose-lowering effect: Danazol for hormone treatment, the antipsychotic chlorpromazine, corticosteroids for inflammation, bronchodilators like salbutamol, thiazides and other diuretics, thyroid hormones, oestrogens and progestogens for oral contraceptives and HRT, phenytoin for epilepsy, nicotinic acid for high cholesterol, calcium channel blocking drugs like verapamil for angina, isoniazid for tuberculosis How should Amaryl be taken? You should take your Amaryl tablets 2mg swallowed whole with a glass of water just before breakfast of if you only have a light breakfast, then take your Amaryl tablets just before your midday meal. It is important that you do not skip a meal while taking Amaryl tablets 2mg. The dose you take depends on how well you respond and your doctor may increase your dose until your blood glucose has reached normal levels and remains controlled. You should continue to take your Amaryl tablets 2mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, as they with help maintain your blood sugar levels but will not cure your diabetes. How long should you take Amaryl? You should continue to take your Amaryl tablets 2mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, as they with help maintain your blood sugar levels but will not cure your diabetes. Missed dose of Amaryl If you miss a dose of Amaryl tablets 2mg take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose. How should Amaryl be stored? You should store your Amaryl below 25°C in a cool dry place.

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Glyciphage general information

What is Glyciphage used for?

Glyciphage tablets 850mg are an oral diabetes medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Glyciphage tablets 500mg can be used as first time treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics, or for patients who are not responding to an alternative medication, and can be used either alone or in combination with another oral antihyperglycaemic medication (lowers blood sugar). In some cases Glyciphage is used in conjunction with insulin in type 1 diabetes (also called insulin -dependent diabetes), where insulin alone is not enough to control blood sugar levels.

How does Glyciphage work?

Glyciphage tablets 850mg contain the active ingredient Metformin hydrochloride, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the biguanide group of drugs. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 850mg controls blood glucose (sugar) by lowering levels of glucose after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 850mg works using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 850mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

What does Glyciphage contain?

Glyciphage tablets 850mg contain the active ingredient metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Treating type 2 diabetes with Glyciphage

Glyciphage tablets 850mg contain Metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 850mg lowers blood sugar after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production, using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 850mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

What are the side effects of Glyciphage?

The most commonly reported side effects when taking Glyciphage tablets 850mg include: gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, which are usually mild and resolve spontaneously during continued treatment; metallic taste in the mouth; and skin rash. A rare and potentially life threatening side effect is lactic acidosis (a build up of lactic acid in the blood) that can occur due to accumulation of metformin, particularly if you are taking high doses of metformin above 2000mg per day, have kidney problems, drink excessive amounts of alcohol, are elderly.

When should Glyciphage not be used?

You should not use Glyciphage if you:

are allergic to metformin or any other biguanide or any ingredients in Glyciphage tablets 850mg
are pregnant or are breastfeeding without discussion with your doctor
have liver or kidney disease
have a conditions affecting renal function, like dehydration, severe infection or shock
have diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic precoma
have acute or chronic disease which may cause tissue hypoxia such as heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, shock, acute significant blood loss, sepsis, gangrene, pancreatitis
have a history of lactic acidosis
have a problem with alcohol
are taking medications that may interact with Glyciphage tablets 850mg including: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics, other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone, anticoagulants
undergoing radiological treatment with intravascular iodinated contrast agents which may lead to renal failure, resulting in metformin accumulation and a risk of lactic acidosis

What medications interact with Glyciphage

Several medications interact with Glyciphage and should either not be taken while you are taking Glyciphage or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor:

Drugs that interact with Glyciphage to increase side effects: other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, ACE inhibitors for high blood pressure, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone
Drugs that affect Glyciphage: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics , thyroid medicines
Drugs that are affected by Glyciphage: anticoagulants

How should Glyciphage be taken?

You should take your Glyciphage tablets 850mg with a glass of water and with food. The dose you take and how often should be as recommended by your doctor. The usual starting dose is one tablet once, twice or 3 times daily during or immediately after a meal, to reduce stomach effects. You will have your blood sugar levels monitored and your dose may be adjusted after a few weeks, depending on how well your blood sugar levels are controlled. You should continue to take your Metformin tablets 500mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods.

How long should you take Glyciphage?

You should continue to take your Glyciphage tablets 850mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods.

Missed dose of Glyciphage

If you miss a dose of Glyciphage take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose.

How should Glyciphage be stored?

You should store your Glyciphage tablets 850mg below 25°C in a cool dry place out of direct sunlight.

Glyciphage 500mg (Metformin)

Glyciphage general information

What is Glyciphage used for?

Glyciphage tablets 500mg are an oral diabetes medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Glyciphage tablets 500mg can be used as first time treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics, or for patients who are not responding to an alternative medication, and can be used either alone or in combination with another oral antihyperglycaemic medication (lowers blood sugar). In some cases Glyciphage is used in conjunction with insulin in type 1 diabetes (also called insulin -dependent diabetes), where insulin alone is not enough to control blood sugar levels.

How does Glyciphage work?

Glyciphage tablets 500mg contain the active ingredient Metformin hydrochloride, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the biguanide group of drugs. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 500mg controls blood glucose (sugar) by lowering levels of glucose after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 500mg works using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 500mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

What does Glyciphage contain?

Glyciphage tablets 500mg contain the active ingredient metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Treating type 2 diabetes with Glyciphage

Glyciphage tablets 500mg contain Metformin, which is an oral antihyperglycaemic medication that is used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone, which is a particular problem in overweight people. Metformin in Glyciphage tablets 500mg lowers blood sugar after a meal (posprandial) as well as keeping levels normal between meals (basal levels), by helping the body respond to insulin without increasing insulin production, using three different mechanisms: decreasing glucose production in the liver, which is normally switched off when blood glucose levels are high enough; increasing sensitivity to insulin in fat and muscle tissue, where excess glucose is removed from the blood and stored; reducing absorption of glucose by the intestines form the diet. Maintaining glycaemic control with Glyciphage tablets 500mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

What are the side effects of Glyciphage?

The most commonly reported side effects when taking Glyciphage tablets 500mg include: gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, which are usually mild and resolve spontaneously during continued treatment; metallic taste in the mouth; and skin rash. A rare and potentially life threatening side effect is lactic acidosis (a build up of lactic acid in the blood) that can occur due to accumulation of metformin, particularly if you are taking high doses of metformin above 2000mg per day, have kidney problems, drink excessive amounts of alcohol, are elderly.

When should Glyciphage not be used?

You should not use Glyciphage if you:

are allergic to metformin or any other biguanide or any ingredients in Glyciphage tablets 500mg
are pregnant or are breastfeeding without discussion with your doctor
have liver or kidney disease
have a conditions affecting renal function, like dehydration, severe infection or shock
have diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic precoma
have acute or chronic disease which may cause tissue hypoxia such as heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, shock, acute significant blood loss, sepsis, gangrene, pancreatitis
have a history of lactic acidosis
have a problem with alcohol
are taking medications that may interact with Glyciphage tablets 500mg including: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics, other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone, anticoagulants
undergoing radiological treatment with intravascular iodinated contrast agents which may lead to renal failure, resulting in metformin accumulation and a risk of lactic acidosis

What medications interact with Glyciphage

Several medications interact with Glyciphage and should either not be taken while you are taking Glyciphage or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor:

Drugs that interact with Glyciphage to increase side effects: other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and repaglinide, ACE inhibitors for high blood pressure, corticosteroids such as prednisone, cortisone
Drugs that affect Glyciphage: cimetidine for reflux and ulcers, medications for high blood pressure and heart conditions like nifedipine, beta-blockers, diuretics , thyroid medicines
Drugs that are affected by Glyciphage: anticoagulants

How should Glyciphage be taken?

You should take your Glyciphage tablets 500mg with a glass of water and with food. The dose you take and how often should be as recommended by your doctor. The usual starting dose is one tablet once, twice or 3 times daily during or immediately after a meal, to reduce stomach effects. You will have your blood sugar levels monitored and your dose may be adjusted after a few weeks, depending on how well your blood sugar levels are controlled. You should continue to take your Metformin tablets 500mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods.

How long should you take Glyciphage?

You should continue to take your Glyciphage tablets 500mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for long periods.

Missed dose of Glyciphage

If you miss a dose of Glyciphage take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose.

How should Glyciphage be stored?

You should store your Glyciphage tablets 500mg below 25°C in a cool dry place out of direct sunlight.

Esomac 40 (Esomeprazole 40mg)

Esomac general information

What is Esomac used for?

Esomac tablets 40mg are used to treat conditions caused by gastric reflux, which is when the acidic contents of the stomach flow back into the oesophagus because the sphincter (muscle at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach) that normally acts as a one-way valve and prevents backflow of stomach contents, does not function properly or is damaged. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD), as this condition is known, causes symptoms like heartburn and dyspepsia (indigestion and abdominal pain), and can damage the oesophagus causing inflammation (oesophagitis). Esomac 40 is also used to treat and prevent peptic ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcers or damage to the stomach lining) and duodenum (duodenal ulcers or damage to the lining of the upper intestine); and gastric ulcers caused by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID); also as combination therapy to treat gastric ulcers that are caused by infection of the stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, in conjunction with using antibiotics. Esomac 40 is also used to treat symptoms of acid-related dyspepsia that can be caused by eating high fat or acidic foods, or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in which increased levels of the hormone gastrin causes an excessive production of gastric acid.

How does Esomac work?

Esomac tablets 40mg contain esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat conditions caused by excess gastric acid, by reducing the amount of gastric acid released into the stomach. Stomach acid is needed for digestion of proteins in your diet and is made by the parietal cells of the stomach wall. Gastric acid production is dependent on the action of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which is the proton pump responsible for pumping positive hydrogen ions out of the cells into the stomach, which increases the acidity of the stomach contents. Esomeprazole in Esomac 40 inhibits the functioning of the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which prevents acid secretion by blocking the source of acid production. This action of esomeprazole reduces the acidity of the stomach contents, which reduces the acid damage that can be caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and oesophagitis and relieves symptoms caused by excess gastric acid like heartburn and dyspepsia. By inhibiting gastric acid secretion Esomac 40 also help prevent the formation of gastric (stomach) and duodenal (upper intestine) peptic ulcers and also helps ulcers and damage caused by gastric reflux to heal.

What does Esomac contain?

Esomac tablets 40mg contain the active ingredient esomeprazole, which is a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat conditions caused by excess gastric acid secretion.

Treating gastric reflux with Esomac

Esomac tablets 40mg contain esomeprazole, which is used to treat conditions caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Gastric reflux is when the acidic contents of the stomach flow back into the oesophagus because the sphincter (muscle at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach) that normally acts as a one-way valve and prevents backflow of stomach contents, does not function properly or is damaged. Symptoms caused by gastric reflux include heartburn and dyspepsia (indigestion and abdominal pain), and damage to the oesophagus causing inflammation (oesophagitis). Esomeprazole in Esomac tablets 40mg reduces acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach wall, by blocking the action of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which is responsible for acid production. This action of esomeprazole reduces the acidity of the stomach contents, which reduces the acid damage that can be caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and oesophagitis, relieves symptoms caused by excess gastric acid like heartburn and dyspepsia; as well as helping damaged tissues caused by excess acid to heal.

Esomac for peptic ulcers

Esomac tablets 40mg contain the active ingredient esomeprazole, which is used to treat and prevent prevent peptic ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcers or damage to the stomach lining) and duodenum (duodenal ulcers or damage to the lining of the upper intestine), caused by excess secretion of gastric acid; and gastric ulcers caused by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Esomac tablets 40mg are also used as combination therapy to treat and prevent gastric ulcers that are caused by infection of the stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, in conjunction with using antibiotics. Esomeprazole in Esomac tablets 40mg reduces acid secretion by parietal cells of the stomach wall, by blocking the action of the enzyme H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, which responsible for acid production. This action of esomeprazole reduces the acidity of the stomach contents, which reduces the acid damage to the stomach wall and allows ulcers that have already developed to heal.

What are the side effects of Esomac?

The most commonly reported side effects when taking Esomac include, include: constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, wind (flatulence), headache, dry mouth, skin rash, dizziness, sensation of tingling in the skin (paraesthesia), insomnia.

When should Esomac not be used?

You should not use Esomac 40 if you:

are allergic to esomeprazole or any ingredients in Esomac
are taking medicines that interact with Esomac including: the antifungals ketoconazole and itraconazole, the anticoagulant warfarin, phenytoin for epilepsy, the antiretroviral atazanavir, the antibiotic clarithromycin, the immunosuppressive tacrolimus, the sedative diazepam

How should Esomac be taken?

You should take your Esomac tablets 40mg with a glass of water at least one hour before a meal. You should continue to take your Esomac tablets 40mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, usually for a few weeks to 6 months, depending on the condition you are being treated for.

How long should you take Esomac?

You should continue to take your Esomac tablets 40mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, usually for a few weeks to 6 months, depending on the condition you are being treated for.

Missed dose of Esomac

If you miss a dose of Esomac 40 take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose.

How should Esomac be stored?

You should store your Esomac 40 below 25°C in a cool dry place.

Symmetrel 100mg (Amantadine)

Symmetrel general information

What is Symmetrel used for?

Symmetrel capsules 100mg are used to treat Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that is either idiopathic, which means that its cause is unknown or secondary to a known cause such as stroke, head trauma or as a side effect of medication, particularly neuroleptic antipsychotics. Symmetrel 100 may be used alone as monotherapy, or in combination with other medications, like anticholinergic drugs or levodopa and helps relieve symptoms of Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease, including tremor, bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and loss of balance. Symmetrel capsules 100mg are also used as prophylaxis to prevent signs and symptoms of infection caused by influenza A virus, particularly for those at high risk of infection, if vaccination is unavailable or contraindicated, and for those at risk of serious illness if they were to become infected, such as being immunocompromised or having lung problems; also to treat flu-like symptoms if administered within 48 hours.

How does Symmetrel work?

Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain amantadine, which is an antiparkinsonian drug with virostatic properties. The abnormal movements associated with Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease are caused by low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical that allows communication between nerve cells) produced by certain neurons (nerve cells) in the brain and plays an important role in controlling muscle function and movement; it is important to have the correct levels of dopamine. The loss of dopamine seen in Parkinson's disease is due to slow and progressive destruction of the neurons that produce the dopamine in a certain area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is thought to increase the amount of dopamine in the brain by enhancing the release of dopamine from central neurons and by delaying its re-uptake from the synapse, the gap between nerve cells across which chemical messages are sent from one nerve cell to another. The increase in dopamine levels helps the brain control muscle function and restore normal movement. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is also thought to exert some anticholinergic activity, which means that it blocks the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells and this action helps prevent the involuntary movements associated with Parkinsonism. The mechanism of action by which Symmetrel 100 prevents the growth of influenza A virus is not known but it is thought to be due to interference with a viral protein needed for the virus to infect the host cell and this inhibits the early stage of replication of the influenza A virus and checks the growth of virus.

What does Symmetrel contain?

Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain the active ingredient amantadine hydrochloride, used to treat Parkinson's disease and to treat and prevent symptoms of influenza A virus. They also contain: rape seed oil, lecithin, a wax blend composed of white beeswax and hydrogenated soya and vegetable oils, sodium ethyl hydroxybenzoate, gelatin, glycerol, iron oxide red CI 77491, sorbitol, sodium propyl hydroxybenzoate, titanium dioxide.

Treating Parkinson's disease with Symmetrel

Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain amantadine, which is an antiparkinsonian drug used to treat neurological symptoms that cause the abnormal movements associated Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that is either idiopathic, which means that its cause is unknown, or secondary to a known cause such as stroke, head trauma or as a side effect of medication, particularly neuroleptic antipsychotics. Parkinsonism is caused by low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical that allows communication between nerve cells) produced by certain neurons (nerve cells) in the brain that plays an important role in controlling muscle function and movement. This loss of dopamine is due to slow and progressive destruction of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra area of the brain. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is thought to increase the amount of dopamine in the brain by enhancing the release of dopamine from central neurons and by delaying its re-uptake from the synapse, the gap between nerve cells across which chemical messages are sent from one nerve cell to another. The increase in dopamine levels helps the brain control muscle function and restore normal movement. Amantadine in Symmetrel 100 is also thought to exert some anticholinergic activity, which means that it blocks the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells and this action helps prevent the involuntary movements associated with Parkinsonism. Symmetrel 100 may be used alone (monotherapy), or in combination with other medications, like anticholinergic drugs or levodopa and helps relieve symptoms of Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease, including tremor, bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and loss of balance.

Treating symptoms of influenza A infection with Symmetrel

Symmetrel capsules 100mg contain amantadine, which is an antiparkinsonian drug with influenzal virostatic properties, which means that it specifically blocks the growth of the Influenza A virus. Although the mechanism of action by which Symmetrel 100 prevents the growth of influenza A virus is not known it is thought to be due to interference with a viral protein needed for the virus to infect the host cell and this inhibits the early stage of replication of the influenza A virus. Symmetrel capsules 100mg are used as prophylaxis to prevent signs and symptoms of infection caused by influenza A virus, particularly for those at high risk of infection, if vaccination is unavailable or contraindicated, and for those at risk of serious illness if they were to become infected, such as being immunocompromised or having lung problems; also to treat flu-like symptoms if administered within 48 hours.

What are the side effects of Symmetrel?

The most commonly reported side effects when taking Symmetrel capsules 100mg include: depression, anxiety, elevation of mood, agitation, nervousness, difficulty in concentrating, dizziness, light-headedness, headache, insomnia, lethargy, hallucinations, nightmares, ataxia, slurred speech, blurred vision, oedema of ankles, livedo reticularis (purplish-red blotchy spots on the skin), dry mouth, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, excessive sweating.

When should Symmetrel not be used?

You should not use Symmetrel capsules 100mg if you:

are allergic to amantadine or any ingredients in Symmetrel
are pregnant or are breastfeeding
have kidney or liver disease
have or have had recurrent eczema, stomach ulcers, or cardiovascular disorders
suffer from convulsions or psychiatric disorders
are taking medicines that interact with Symmetrel, including: other antiparkinsonian drugs, like anticholinergics or levodopa (without discussion with your doctor), other medicines that act on the central nervous system, like sedatives, analgesics and alcohol, combination diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide + potassium-sparing diuretics

What medications interact with Symmetrel?

Several medications interact with Symmetrel capsules 100mg and should either not be taken while you are taking Symmetrel or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor:

Drugs that increase side effects with Symmetrel: other antiparkinsonian drugs, like anticholinergics or levodopa,
Drugs that cause dangerous reactions with Symmetrel: other medicines that act on the central nervous system, like sedatives, analgesics and alcohol
Drugs that affect Symmetrel: combination diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide + potassium-sparing diuretics

How should Symmetrel be taken for Parkinson's disease?

You should take your Symmetrel capsules 100mg with a glass of water once daily and preferably with food to prevent stomach problems. Your doctor may increase the dose to one capsule twice daily, depending on your condition. You should see some benefit within a few days and should continue to take your Symmetrel 100 for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for a long time depending on your condition. For some people the effectiveness of Symmetrel 100 wears off after a few months of continuous treatment, if this is the case your doctor may recommend that you gradually reduce the dose and stop it for a few weeks, then start again.

How should Symmetrel be taken for influenza A?

You should take your Symmetrel capsules 100mg with a glass of water twice daily and preferably with food to prevent stomach problems, or once daily for children or adults over 65. For prophylaxis you should start taking Symmetrel as soon as possible after you have been exposed to the flu and keep taking it through outbreak for at least 10 days or until the outbreak of influenza A is over. For treatment you should start taking Symmetrel 100 within 48 hours of the first symptoms onset and then for 4-5 days.

How long should you take Symmetrel?

For Parkinson's disease you should continue to take your Symmetrel capsules 100mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, which may be for a long time depending on your condition. For prophylaxis against influenza A, you should start taking Symmetrel capsules 100mg as soon as possible after you have been exposed to the flu and keep taking it through outbreak for at least 10 days or until the outbreak of influenza is over. For treatment you should start taking Symmetrel 100 within 48 hours of the first symptoms onset and then for 4-5 days.

Missed dose of Symmetrel

If you miss a dose of Symmetrel capsules 100mg take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose.

How should Symmetrel be stored?

You should store your Symmetrel below 25°C in a cool dry place. Protect from moisture and heat.

Amaryl 2mg (Glimepiride) 30's

Amaryl general information

What is Amaryl used for?

Amaryl tablets 2mg are an antidiabetic medication used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone. Amaryl tablets 2mg should be used in conjunction with diet, exercise and weight loss to lower blood sugar levels in type-2 diabetes mellitus and can be used alone as monotherapy, in conjunction with diet and exercise, or in combination with other antihyperglycaemic medication (lowers blood sugar), like metformin, when a single drug does not result in adequate glycaemic control. However, Amaryl tablets 2mg are not suitable for treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of serious health complications, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage). Maintaining glycaemic control with Amaryl tablets 2mg reduces the risk of developing these vascular complications.

How does Amaryl work?

Amaryl tablets 2mg contain glimepiride, an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the sulfonylurea group of drugs. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg controls blood glucose (sugar) primarily by acting directly on the beta cells, which are the insulin-producing cells of pancreatic islet tissue, to increase their sensitivity to glucose and to stimulate the cells to produce and release more insulin. Insulin is normally produced in response to food and increased blood glucose levels and it controls postprandial (after eating) blood glucose levels (glycaemic control). In diabetes, resistance to insulin results in loss of glycaemic control. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg helps the body to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels after a meal as well as between meals and is effective for up to 24 hours. It is also thought that as well as acting as an insulin secretagogue (stimulates insulin secretion) glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg also acts on insulin-responsive cells in the liver, muscle and fat cells to increase the number of receptors, which means that insulin control of glucose production by the liver and uptake of insulin into peripheral tissues for energy and storage, is more efficient.

What does Amaryl contain?

Amaryl tablets 2mg contains the active ingredient glimepiride, an oral antihyperglycaemic medication belonging to the sulfonylurea group of drugs, used to treat type-2 diabetes. They also contain, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium starch glycollate, indigo carmine, iron oxide yellow.

Treating type 2 diabetes with Amaryl

Amaryl tablets 2mg contain glimepiride, an oral antihyperglycaemic medication, used to control blood sugar levels in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus (also called non insulin-dependent diabetes or maturity onset diabetes) who are unable to achieve adequate glycaemic control (normal blood sugar levels) with diet and exercise alone. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg controls blood glucose (sugar) primarily by acting directly on the insulin-producing beta cells of pancreatic islet tissue, to stimulate the cells to produce more insulin. Insulin is normally produced in response to food and increased blood glucose levels, and it controls postprandial (after eating) blood glucose levels (glycaemic control). In diabetes, resistance to insulin results in loss of glycaemic control. Amaryl tablets 2mg help the body to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels after a meal as well as between meals and is effective for up to 24 hours. It is also thought that as well as stimulating insulin secretion, glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg also acts on insulin-responsive cells in the liver, muscle and fat cells to increase the number of receptors, which means that insulin control of glucose production by the liver and insulin uptake into peripheral tissues for energy and storage, is more efficient. Maintaining glycaemic control with Amaryl tablets 2mg reduces risk of serious health complications associated with diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina in the eye with loss of vision), diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) and diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

What are the side effects of Amaryl?

The most commonly reported side effects when taking Amaryl tablets 2mg include: gastrointestinal complaints like nausea, diarrhoea, constipation and stomach or abdominal pain; allergic skin reactions like, redness (erythema), itching (pruritus), hives (urticaria); dizziness, drowsiness, headache, visual disturbances, confusion, malaise and tremor, which are usually transient and may be signs of hypoglycaemia. A more serious side effect of taking Amaryl tablets 2mg is severe hypoglycaemia (very low blood glucose), as glimepiride continues to work between meals to reduce blood sugar levels, so it is important to eat regularly; also certain other conditions like liver or kidney problems, or taking other medications like beta blockers, can make you more susceptible to hypoglycaemia. Other symptoms of hypoglycaemia include headache, hunger, restlessness, loss of consciousness, which can result in coma.

What is hypoglycaemia (hypo)

Having a hypo is an unpleasant episode experienced by diabetics and refers to extreme hypoglycaemia or very low blood glucose. Glimepiride in Amaryl tablets 2mg continue to work between meals to reduce blood sugar levels and therefore if glucose levels fall too low, by missing a meal or waiting too long between eating, severe hypoglycaemia, which is very low blood glucose, can be the result. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia include headache, hunger, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, sensory disturbances, delirium, loss of consciousness, which can result in shallow respiration, bradycardia (slow heart beat) and coma.

When should Amaryl not be used?

You should not use Amaryl tablets 2mg if you:

are allergic to glimepiride or any ingredients in Amaryl
are pregnant or are breastfeeding
have kidney or liver or thyroid disease
have type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes or suffer from diabetic coma or diabetic ketoacidosis
have G6PD deficiency as you may be at risk of haemolytic anaemia
are malnourished or have adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, as this may increase risk of hypoglycaemia
are taking medicines that interact with Amaryl, including: the antifungals miconazole and fluconazole, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) like phenylbutazone, salicylate analgesicis like aspirin, beta-blockers like propranolol for high blood pressure and certain heart conditions, ACE Inhibitors like benezapril for high blood pressure, cimetidine for peptic ulcers, monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression, probenecid for gout, the anticoagulant warfarin, the antibiotic chloramphenicol, sulphonamide antibiotics, corticosteroids for inflammation, bronchodilators like salbutamol, thiazides and other diuretics, thyroid hormones, oestrogens and progestogens for oral contraceptives and HRT, phenytoin for epilepsy, nicotinic acid for high cholesterol, calcium channel blocking drugs like verapamil for angina, isoniazid for tuberculosis

What medications interact with Amaryl?

Several medications interact with Amaryl tablets 2mg and should either not be taken while you are taking Amaryl or only after discussion and instruction from your doctor:

Drugs that affect Amaryl tablets 2mg and cause hypoglaemia (low blood sugar) by increasing its glucose-lowering effect: the antifungals miconazole and fluconazole, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) like phenylbutazone, salicylate analgesics like aspirin, beta-blockers like propranolol for high blood pressure and certain heart conditions, ACE Inhibitors like benezapril for high blood pressure, cimetidine for peptic ulcers, monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression, probenecid for gout, the anticoagulant warfarin, the antibiotic chloramphenicol, sulphonamide antibiotics, bronchodilators like salbutamol
Drugs that affect Amaryl tablets 2mg and cause hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) by reducing its glucose-lowering effect: Danazol for hormone treatment, the antipsychotic chlorpromazine, corticosteroids for inflammation, bronchodilators like salbutamol, thiazides and other diuretics, thyroid hormones, oestrogens and progestogens for oral contraceptives and HRT, phenytoin for epilepsy, nicotinic acid for high cholesterol, calcium channel blocking drugs like verapamil for angina, isoniazid for tuberculosis

How should Amaryl be taken?

You should take your Amaryl tablets 2mg swallowed whole with a glass of water just before breakfast of if you only have a light breakfast, then take your Amaryl tablets just before your midday meal. It is important that you do not skip a meal while taking Amaryl tablets 2mg. The dose you take depends on how well you respond and your doctor may increase your dose until your blood glucose has reached normal levels and remains controlled. You should continue to take your Amaryl tablets 2mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, as they with help maintain your blood sugar levels but will not cure your diabetes.

How long should you take Amaryl?

You should continue to take your Amaryl tablets 2mg for as long as recommended by your doctor, as they with help maintain your blood sugar levels but will not cure your diabetes.

Missed dose of Amaryl

If you miss a dose of Amaryl tablets 2mg take it as soon as you remember, unless it is time to take the next dose, then skip the missed dose. Do not take a double dose.

How should Amaryl be stored?

You should store your Amaryl below 25°C in a cool dry place.

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